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# An Introduction to JavaScript
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Let's see what's so special about JavaScript, what we can achieve with it and which other technologies play well with it.
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Let's see what's so special about JavaScript, what we can achieve with it, and which other technologies play well with it.
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## What is JavaScript?
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*JavaScript* was initially created to *"make webpages alive"*.
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The programs in this language are called *scripts*. They can be written right in the HTML and execute automatically as the page loads.
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The programs in this language are called *scripts*. They can be written right in the HTML and executed automatically as the page loads.
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Scripts are provided and executed as a plain text. They don't need a special preparation or a compilation to run.
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But as it evolved, JavaScript became a fully independent language, with its own specification called [ECMAScript](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript), and now it has no relation to Java at all.
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```
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At present, JavaScript can execute not only in the browser, but also on the server, or actually on any device where there exists a special program called [the JavaScript engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript_engine).
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At present, JavaScript can not only execute in the browser, but also on the server, or actually on any device that has a special program called [the JavaScript engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript_engine).
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The browser has an embedded engine, sometimes it's also called a "JavaScript virtual machine".
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The browser has an embedded engine, sometimes called a "JavaScript virtual machine".
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Different engines have different "codenames", for example:
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-[V8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)) -- in Chrome and Opera.
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-[SpiderMonkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpiderMonkey) -- in Firefox.
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- ...There are other codenames like "Trident", "Chakra" for different versions of IE, "ChakraCore" for Microsoft Edge, "Nitro" and "SquirrelFish" for Safari, etc.
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- ...There are other codenames like "Trident" and "Chakra" for different versions of IE, "ChakraCore" for Microsoft Edge, "Nitro" and "SquirrelFish" for Safari, etc.
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The terms above are good to remember, because they are used in developer articles on the internet. We'll use them too. For instance, if "a feature X is supported by V8", then it probably works in Chrome and Opera.
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The capabilities greatly depend on the environment that runs JavaScript. For instance, [Node.JS](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js) supports functions that allow JavaScript to read/write arbitrary files, perform network requests, etc.
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In-browser JavaScript can do everything related to webpage manipulation, interaction with the user and the webserver.
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In-browser JavaScript can do everything related to webpage manipulation, interaction with the user, and the webserver.
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