Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master'

Author: binish784

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# These are supported funding model platforms
+
+github: # Replace with up to 4 GitHub Sponsors-enabled usernames e.g., [user1, user2]
+patreon: # Replace with a single Patreon username
+open_collective: # Replace with a single Open Collective username
+ko_fi: # Replace with a single Ko-fi username
+tidelift: # Replace with a single Tidelift platform-name/package-name e.g., npm/babel
+community_bridge: # Replace with a single Community Bridge project-name e.g., cloud-foundry
+liberapay: TheAlgorithms
+issuehunt: # Replace with a single IssueHunt username
+otechie: # Replace with a single Otechie username
+custom: ['http://paypal.me/TheAlgorithms/1000', 'https://donorbox.org/thealgorithms']

.gitignore

@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@ __pycache__/
 *.so
 
 # Distribution / packaging
-.vscode/
 .Python
-env/
 build/
 develop-eggs/
 dist/
@@ -21,9 +19,11 @@ lib64/
 parts/
 sdist/
 var/
+wheels/
 *.egg-info/
 .installed.cfg
 *.egg
+MANIFEST
 
 # PyInstaller
 #  Usually these files are written by a python script from a template
@@ -43,8 +43,9 @@ htmlcov/
 .cache
 nosetests.xml
 coverage.xml
-*,cover
+*.cover
 .hypothesis/
+.pytest_cache/
 
 # Translations
 *.mo
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ coverage.xml
 # Django stuff:
 *.log
 local_settings.py
+db.sqlite3
 
 # Flask stuff:
 instance/
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ docs/_build/
 # PyBuilder
 target/
 
-# IPython Notebook
+# Jupyter Notebook
 .ipynb_checkpoints
 
 # pyenv
@@ -76,17 +78,32 @@ target/
 # celery beat schedule file
 celerybeat-schedule
 
-# dotenv
-.env
+# SageMath parsed files
+*.sage.py
 
-# virtualenv
+# Environments
+.env
+.venv
+env/
 venv/
 ENV/
+env.bak/
+venv.bak/
 
 # Spyder project settings
 .spyderproject
+.spyproject
 
 # Rope project settings
 .ropeproject
+
+# mkdocs documentation
+/site
+
+# mypy
+.mypy_cache/
+
+.DS_Store
 .idea
-.DS_Store
+.try
+.vscode/

.lgtm.yml

@@ -1,26 +1,16 @@
 language: python
+dist: xenial  # required for Python >= 3.7
+python: 3.7
 cache: pip
-python:
-    - 2.7
-    - 3.6
-    #- nightly
-    #- pypy
-    #- pypy3
-matrix:
-    allow_failures:
-        - python: nightly
-        - python: pypy
-        - python: pypy3
-install:
-    #- pip install -r requirements.txt
-    - pip install flake8  # pytest  # add another testing frameworks later
+before_install: pip install --upgrade pip setuptools
+install: pip install -r requirements.txt
 before_script:
-    # stop the build if there are Python syntax errors or undefined names
-    - flake8 . --count --select=E901,E999,F821,F822,F823 --show-source --statistics
-    # exit-zero treats all errors as warnings.  The GitHub editor is 127 chars wide
-    - flake8 . --count --exit-zero --max-complexity=10 --max-line-length=127 --statistics
+  - black --check . || true
+  - flake8 . --count --select=E9,F401,F63,F7,F82 --show-source --statistics
 script:
-    - true  # pytest --capture=sys  # add other tests here
-notifications:
-    on_success: change
-    on_failure: change  # `always` will be the setting once code changes slow down
+  - scripts/validate_filenames.py  # no uppercase, no spaces, in a directory
+  - mypy --ignore-missing-imports .
+  - pytest . --doctest-modules
+after_success:
+  - scripts/build_directory_md.py > DIRECTORY.md
+  - cat DIRECTORY.md

.travis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# Contributing guidelines
+
+## Before contributing
+
+Welcome to [TheAlgorithms/Python](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python)! Before sending your pull requests, make sure that you **read the whole guidelines**. If you have any doubt on the contributing guide, please feel free to [state it clearly in an issue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/issues/new) or ask the community in [Gitter](https://gitter.im/TheAlgorithms).
+
+## Contributing
+
+### Contributor
+
+We are very happy that you consider implementing algorithms and data structure for others! This repository is referenced and used by learners from all over the globe. Being one of our contributors, you agree and confirm that:
+
+- You did your work - no plagiarism allowed
+  - Any plagiarized work will not be merged.
+- Your work will be distributed under [MIT License](License) once your pull request is merged
+- You submitted work fulfils or mostly fulfils our styles and standards
+
+**New implementation** is welcome! For example, new solutions for a problem, different representations for a graph data structure or algorithm designs with different complexity.
+
+**Improving comments** and **writing proper tests** are also highly welcome.
+
+### Contribution
+
+We appreciate any contribution, from fixing a grammar mistake in a comment to implementing complex algorithms. Please read this section if you are contributing your work.
+
+#### Coding Style
+
+We want your work to be readable by others; therefore, we encourage you to note the following:
+
+- Please write in Python 3.x.
+- Please consider running [__python/black__](https://github.com/python/black) on your Python file(s) before submitting your pull request.  This is not a requirement but it does make your code more readable.  There are other code formatters (autopep8, yapf) but the __black__ style is now the recommendation of the Python core team. To use it,
+    ```bash
+    pip3 install black  # only required the first time
+    black my-submission.py
+    ```
+
+- All submissions will need to pass the test __flake8 . --count --select=E9,F63,F7,F82 --show-source --statistics__ before they will be accepted so if possible, try this test locally on your Python file(s) before submitting your pull request.
+
+- If you know [PEP 8](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/) already, you will have no problem in coding style, though we do not follow it strictly. Read the remaining section and have fun coding!
+
+- Always use 4 spaces to indent.
+
+- Original code submission requires comments to describe your work.
+
+- More on comments and docstrings:
+
+  The following are considered to be bad and may be requested to be improved:
+
+  ```python
+  x = x + 2	# increased by 2
+  ```
+
+  This is too trivial. Comments are expected to be explanatory. For comments, you can write them above, on or below a line of code, as long as you are consistent within the same piece of code.
+
+  *Sometimes, docstrings are avoided.* This will happen if you are using some editors and not careful with indentation:
+
+  ```python
+      """
+  	This function sums a and b
+  """
+  def sum(a, b):
+      return a + b
+  ```
+
+  However, if you insist to use docstrings, we encourage you to put docstrings inside functions. Also, please pay attention to indentation to docstrings. The following is acceptable in this case:
+
+  ```python
+  def sumab(a, b):
+      """
+  	This function sums two integers a and b
+  	Return: a + b
+      """
+      return a + b
+  ```
+
+- `lambda`, `map`, `filter`, `reduce` and complicated list comprehension are welcome and acceptable to demonstrate the power of Python, as long as they are simple enough to read.
+
+  - This is arguable: **write comments** and assign appropriate variable names, so that the code is easy to read!
+
+- Write tests to illustrate your work.
+
+  The following "testing" approaches are **not** encouraged:
+
+  ```python
+  input('Enter your input:')
+  # Or even worse...
+  input = eval(input("Enter your input: "))
+  ```
+
+  However, if your code uses __input()__ then we encourage you to gracefully deal with leading and trailing whitespace in user input by adding __.strip()__ to the end as in:
+
+  ```python
+  starting_value = int(input("Please enter a starting value: ").strip())
+  ```
+
+  Please write down your test case, like the following:
+
+  ```python
+  def sumab(a, b):
+      return a + b
+  # Write tests this way:
+  print(sumab(1, 2))	# 1+2 = 3
+  print(sumab(6, 4))	# 6+4 = 10
+  # Or this way:
+  print("1 + 2 = ", sumab(1, 2))	# 1+2 = 3
+  print("6 + 4 = ", sumab(6, 4))	# 6+4 = 10
+  ```
+
+  Better yet, if you know how to write [__doctests__](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html), please consider adding them.
+
+- Avoid importing external libraries for basic algorithms. Only use those libraries for complicated algorithms.
+
+#### Other Standard While Submitting Your Work
+
+- File extension for code should be `.py`. Jupiter notebook files are acceptable in machine learning algorithms.
+
+- Strictly use snake case (underscore separated) in your file name, as it will be easy to parse in future using scripts.
+
+  If possible, follow the standard *within* the folder you are submitting to.
+
+- If you have modified/added code work, make sure the code compiles before submitting.
+
+- If you have modified/added documentation work, ensure your language is concise and contains no grammar errors.
+
+- Do not update the README.md or DIRECTORY.md file which will be periodically autogenerated by our Travis CI processes.
+
+- Add a corresponding explanation to [Algorithms-Explanation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Algorithms-Explanation) (Optional but recommended).
+
+- All submissions will be tested with [__mypy__](http://www.mypy-lang.org) so we encourage to add [__Python type hints__](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html) where it makes sense to do so.
+
+- Most importantly,
+
+  - **Be consistent in the use of these guidelines when submitting.**
+  - **Join** [Gitter](https://gitter.im/TheAlgorithms) **now!**
+  - Happy coding!
+
+
+
+Writer [@poyea](https://github.com/poyea), Jun 2019.