Let ALTER TABLE Phase 2 routines manage the relation pointer

Let ALTER TABLE Phase 2 routines manage the relation pointer

Struct AlteredRelationInfo gains a new Relation member, to be used only
by Phase 2 (ATRewriteCatalogs); this allows ATExecCmd() subroutines open
and close the relation internally.

A future commit will use this facility to implement an ALTER TABLE
subcommand that closes and reopens the relation across transaction
boundaries.

(It is possible to keep the relation open past phase 2 to be used by
phase 3 instead of having to reopen it that point, but there are some
minor complications with that; it's not clear that there is much to be
won from doing that, though.)

Author: Álvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20200803234854.GA24158@alvherre.pgsql