Add Valgrind buffer access instrumentation.

Add Valgrind buffer access instrumentation.

Teach Valgrind memcheck to maintain the "defined-ness" of each shared
buffer based on whether the backend holds at least one pin at the point
it is accessed by access method code.  Bugs like the one fixed by commit
b0229f26 can be detected using this new instrumentation.

Note that backends running with Valgrind naturally have their own
independent ideas about whether any given byte in shared memory is safe
or unsafe to access.  There is no risk that concurrent access by
multiple backends to the same shared memory will confuse Valgrind's
instrumentation, because everything already works at the process level
(or at the memory mapping level, if you prefer).

Author: Álvaro Herrera, Peter Geoghegan
Reviewed-By: Anastasia Lubennikova
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20150723195349.GW5596@postgresql.org
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WzkLgyN3zBvRZ1pkNJThC=xi_0gpWRUb_45eexLH1+k2_Q@mail.gmail.com