print() is a function just like every other function (TheAlgorithms#1101)

* print() is a function just like every other function

Author: cclauss

arithmetic_analysis/newton_raphson_method.py

@@ -8,25 +8,25 @@ def NewtonRaphson(func, a):
     ''' Finds root from the point 'a' onwards by Newton-Raphson method '''
     while True:
         c = Decimal(a) - ( Decimal(eval(func)) / Decimal(eval(str(diff(func)))) )
-        
+
         a = c
 
         # This number dictates the accuracy of the answer
         if  abs(eval(func)) < 10**-15:
             return  c
-    
+
 
 # Let's Execute
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     # Find root of trigonometric function
     # Find value of pi
-    print ('sin(x) = 0', NewtonRaphson('sin(x)', 2))
-    
+    print('sin(x) = 0', NewtonRaphson('sin(x)', 2))
+
     # Find root of polynomial
-    print ('x**2 - 5*x +2 = 0', NewtonRaphson('x**2 - 5*x +2', 0.4))
-    
+    print('x**2 - 5*x +2 = 0', NewtonRaphson('x**2 - 5*x +2', 0.4))
+
     # Find Square Root of 5
-    print ('x**2 - 5 = 0', NewtonRaphson('x**2 - 5', 0.1))
+    print('x**2 - 5 = 0', NewtonRaphson('x**2 - 5', 0.1))
 
     # Exponential Roots
-    print ('exp(x) - 1 = 0', NewtonRaphson('exp(x) - 1', 0))
+    print('exp(x) - 1 = 0', NewtonRaphson('exp(x) - 1', 0))

ciphers/caesar_cipher.py

@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ def main():
         print("4.Quit")
         choice = input("What would you like to do?: ")
         if choice not in ['1', '2', '3', '4']:
-            print ("Invalid choice, please enter a valid choice")
+            print("Invalid choice, please enter a valid choice")
         elif choice == '1':
             strng = input("Please enter the string to be encrypted: ")
             key = int(input("Please enter off-set between 1-94: "))
             if key in range(1, 95):
-                print (encrypt(strng.lower(), key))
+                print(encrypt(strng.lower(), key))
         elif choice == '2':
             strng = input("Please enter the string to be decrypted: ")
             key = int(input("Please enter off-set between 1-94: "))
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def main():
             brute_force(strng)
             main()
         elif choice == '4':
-            print ("Goodbye.")
+            print("Goodbye.")
             break
 
 

ciphers/morse_code_implementation.py

@@ -71,11 +71,11 @@ def decrypt(message):
 def main():
     message = "Morse code here"
     result = encrypt(message.upper())
-    print (result)
+    print(result)
 
     message = result
     result = decrypt(message)
-    print (result)
+    print(result)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':

ciphers/trafid_cipher.py

@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@
 def __encryptPart(messagePart, character2Number):
     one, two, three = "", "", ""
     tmp = []
-    
+
     for character in messagePart:
         tmp.append(character2Number[character])
 
     for each in tmp:
         one += each[0]
         two += each[1]
         three += each[2]
-    
+
     return one+two+three
 
 def __decryptPart(messagePart, character2Number):
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def __decryptPart(messagePart, character2Number):
         tmp += digit
         if len(tmp) == len(messagePart):
             result.append(tmp)
-            tmp = ""  
+            tmp = ""
 
     return result[0], result[1], result[2]
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def __prepare(message, alphabet):
     for letter, number in zip(alphabet, numbers):
         character2Number[letter] = number
         number2Character[number] = letter
-    
+
     return message, alphabet, character2Number, number2Character
 
 def encryptMessage(message, alphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ.", period=5):
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def encryptMessage(message, alphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ.", period=5):
 
     for i in range(0, len(message)+1, period):
         encrypted_numeric += __encryptPart(message[i:i+period], character2Number)
-    
+
     for i in range(0, len(encrypted_numeric), 3):
         encrypted += number2Character[encrypted_numeric[i:i+3]]
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ def decryptMessage(message, alphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ.", period=5):
 
     for i in range(0, len(message)+1, period):
         a,b,c = __decryptPart(message[i:i+period], character2Number)
-    
+
         for j in range(0, len(a)):
             decrypted_numeric.append(a[j]+b[j]+c[j])
 
@@ -83,4 +83,4 @@ def decryptMessage(message, alphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ.", period=5):
     msg = "DEFEND THE EAST WALL OF THE CASTLE."
     encrypted = encryptMessage(msg,"EPSDUCVWYM.ZLKXNBTFGORIJHAQ")
     decrypted = decryptMessage(encrypted, "EPSDUCVWYM.ZLKXNBTFGORIJHAQ")
-    print ("Encrypted: {}\nDecrypted: {}".format(encrypted, decrypted))
+    print("Encrypted: {}\nDecrypted: {}".format(encrypted, decrypted))

ciphers/xor_cipher.py

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ def decrypt_string(self,content,key = 0):
 
 		# This will be returned
 		ans = ""
-		
+
 		for ch in content:
 			ans += chr(ord(ch) ^ key)
 
@@ -188,22 +188,22 @@ def decrypt_file(self,file, key):
 # key = 67
 
 # # test enrcypt
-# print crypt.encrypt("hallo welt",key)
+# print(crypt.encrypt("hallo welt",key))
 # # test decrypt
-# print crypt.decrypt(crypt.encrypt("hallo welt",key), key)
+# print(crypt.decrypt(crypt.encrypt("hallo welt",key), key))
 
 # # test encrypt_string
-# print crypt.encrypt_string("hallo welt",key)
+# print(crypt.encrypt_string("hallo welt",key))
 
 # # test decrypt_string
-# print crypt.decrypt_string(crypt.encrypt_string("hallo welt",key),key)
+# print(crypt.decrypt_string(crypt.encrypt_string("hallo welt",key),key))
 
 # if (crypt.encrypt_file("test.txt",key)):
-# 	print "encrypt successful"
+# 	print("encrypt successful")
 # else:
-# 	print "encrypt unsuccessful"
+# 	print("encrypt unsuccessful")
 
 # if (crypt.decrypt_file("encrypt.out",key)):
-# 	print "decrypt successful"
+# 	print("decrypt successful")
 # else:
-# 	print "decrypt unsuccessful"
+# 	print("decrypt unsuccessful")

data_structures/binary_tree/fenwick_tree.py

@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@ def query(self, i): # query cumulative data from index 0 to i in O(lg N)
             ret += self.ft[i]
             i -= i & (-i)
         return ret
-            
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     f = FenwickTree(100)
     f.update(1,20)
     f.update(4,4)
-    print (f.query(1))
-    print (f.query(3))
-    print (f.query(4))
+    print(f.query(1))
+    print(f.query(3))
+    print(f.query(4))
     f.update(2,-5)
-    print (f.query(1))
-    print (f.query(3))
+    print(f.query(1))
+    print(f.query(3))

data_structures/binary_tree/lazy_segment_tree.py

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 import math
 
 class SegmentTree:
-    
+
     def __init__(self, N):
         self.N = N
         self.st = [0 for i in range(0,4*N)] # approximate the overall size of segment tree with array N
         self.lazy = [0 for i in range(0,4*N)] # create array to store lazy update
         self.flag = [0 for i in range(0,4*N)] # flag for lazy update
-        
+
     def left(self, idx):
         return idx*2
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def update(self, idx, l, r, a, b, val): # update(1, 1, N, a, b, v) for update va
                 self.lazy[self.right(idx)] = self.lazy[idx]
                 self.flag[self.left(idx)] = True
                 self.flag[self.right(idx)] = True
-            
+
         if r < a or l > b:
             return True
         if l >= a and r <= b :
@@ -74,18 +74,18 @@ def showData(self):
         showList = []
         for i in range(1,N+1):
             showList += [self.query(1, 1, self.N, i, i)]
-        print (showList)
-            
+        print(showList)
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     A = [1,2,-4,7,3,-5,6,11,-20,9,14,15,5,2,-8]
     N = 15
     segt = SegmentTree(N)
     segt.build(1,1,N,A)
-    print (segt.query(1,1,N,4,6))
-    print (segt.query(1,1,N,7,11))
-    print (segt.query(1,1,N,7,12))
+    print(segt.query(1,1,N,4,6))
+    print(segt.query(1,1,N,7,11))
+    print(segt.query(1,1,N,7,12))
     segt.update(1,1,N,1,3,111)
-    print (segt.query(1,1,N,1,15))
+    print(segt.query(1,1,N,1,15))
     segt.update(1,1,N,7,8,235)
     segt.showData()

data_structures/binary_tree/segment_tree.py

@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 import math
 
 class SegmentTree:
-    
+
     def __init__(self, A):
         self.N = len(A)
         self.st = [0] * (4 * self.N) # approximate the overall size of segment tree with array N
         self.build(1, 0, self.N - 1)
-        
+
     def left(self, idx):
         return idx * 2
 
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ def build(self, idx, l, r):
             self.build(self.left(idx), l, mid)
             self.build(self.right(idx), mid + 1, r)
             self.st[idx] = max(self.st[self.left(idx)] , self.st[self.right(idx)])
-    
+
     def update(self, a, b, val):
         return self.update_recursive(1, 0, self.N - 1, a - 1, b - 1, val)
-    
+
     def update_recursive(self, idx, l, r, a, b, val): # update(1, 1, N, a, b, v) for update val v to [a,b]
         if r < a or l > b:
             return True
@@ -55,17 +55,17 @@ def showData(self):
         showList = []
         for i in range(1,N+1):
             showList += [self.query(i, i)]
-        print (showList)
-            
+        print(showList)
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     A = [1,2,-4,7,3,-5,6,11,-20,9,14,15,5,2,-8]
     N = 15
     segt = SegmentTree(A)
-    print (segt.query(4, 6))
-    print (segt.query(7, 11))
-    print (segt.query(7, 12))
+    print(segt.query(4, 6))
+    print(segt.query(7, 11))
+    print(segt.query(7, 12))
     segt.update(1,3,111)
-    print (segt.query(1, 15))
+    print(segt.query(1, 15))
     segt.update(7,8,235)
     segt.showData()

data_structures/queue/double_ended_queue.py

@@ -1,40 +1,40 @@
 from __future__ import print_function
-# Python code to demonstrate working of 
+# Python code to demonstrate working of
 # extend(), extendleft(), rotate(), reverse()
- 
+
 # importing "collections" for deque operations
 import collections
- 
+
 # initializing deque
 de = collections.deque([1, 2, 3,])
- 
-# using extend() to add numbers to right end 
+
+# using extend() to add numbers to right end
 # adds 4,5,6 to right end
 de.extend([4,5,6])
- 
+
 # printing modified deque
-print ("The deque after extending deque at end is : ")
-print (de)
- 
-# using extendleft() to add numbers to left end 
+print("The deque after extending deque at end is : ")
+print(de)
+
+# using extendleft() to add numbers to left end
 # adds 7,8,9 to right end
 de.extendleft([7,8,9])
- 
+
 # printing modified deque
-print ("The deque after extending deque at beginning is : ")
-print (de)
- 
+print("The deque after extending deque at beginning is : ")
+print(de)
+
 # using rotate() to rotate the deque
 # rotates by 3 to left
 de.rotate(-3)
- 
+
 # printing modified deque
-print ("The deque after rotating deque is : ")
-print (de)
- 
+print("The deque after rotating deque is : ")
+print(de)
+
 # using reverse() to reverse the deque
 de.reverse()
- 
+
 # printing modified deque
-print ("The deque after reversing deque is : ")
-print (de)
+print("The deque after reversing deque is : ")
+print(de)